Exploration into IGAD’s Contributions towards Peace and Stability in Mogadishu, Somalia

Mohamed Abdullahi  Nuh; Sultan Juma  Kakuba

doi:10.29333/ajqr/12439

Mohamed Abdullahi Nuh ¹, Sultan Juma Kakuba ² ^*

More Detail

AM J QUALITATIVE RES, Volume 6, Issue 3, pp. 23-44

https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/12439

OPEN ACCESS 1093 Views 711 Downloads

Download Full Text (PDF)

Abstract

The study sought to investigate the IGAD's socio-economic, political, and environmental contributions contribution to peace and stability in Mogadishu, Somalia. A qualitative case study design was used in this work. Among the 15 people who took part in the survey were IGAD officials, parliamentarians, civil society activists, political analysts, and ministers. These participants were chosen using snowball sampling and purposive sampling techniques. Data were gathered from these participants through interviews conducted with the aid of an interview guide. The findings revealed that IGAD contributed to Somalia's peace and stability by initiating mediation, and re-establishment of the Transitional Federal Government and its security capabilities It also contributed to the socio-economic development of the region by promoting regional economic integration, free movement of goods, services, and people, the creation of a conducive environment for cross-border trade, the promotion of sustainable development, the provision of social services such as schools and hospitals, and immigration issues. According to the study, it also established a drought disaster resilience sustainability program, as well as complementary programs aimed at implementing the drought resilience agenda in arid and semi-arid areas. The study also discovered that IGAD improved Somalia's access to early warning systems.

Keywords: IGAD, Peace and Stability, Early Warning System, Conflict.

References

Abdi, A. I., & Seid, E. H. (2013). Assessment of economic integration in IGAD. The Horn Economic and Social Policy Institute (HESPI). Policy Papers No. 13/2. https://www.africaportal.org/publications/assessment-of-economic-integration-in-igad/ accessed on 23/3/2022
Abdi, A. N. (2017). Evaluating Peace Making Process: The Case of IGAD in Somalia Conflict. Unpublished MA Thesis, University of Nairobi, Nairobi-Kenya.
Adula, N. G. (2019). IGAD’s peace-building effort in South Sudan: Challenges and Prospects. Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 6(3), 85-89. https://doi.org/10.14662/IJPSD2018.022
Amin, M. E. (2005). Social science research: Conception, methodology and analysis. Makerere University Press.
Ampomah, N. (2021). United Nations and African Union peace operations: The case of the Democratic Republic of Congo. https://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/handle/1993/35834
Apuuli, K. P. (2015). IGAD's Mediation in the current South Sudan Conflict: Prospects and challenges. African Security, 8, 120-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2015.1036671
Asfaw, G. K. (2017). The crucial role of IGAD in the Horn of Africa. International Journal of African and Asian Studies, 38. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234690334.pdf
Assefa, L. G., & Yemane, Z. (2017). Ethiopia's growth and transformation plan and its implications for synergic sum effect contextualized into regional cooperation in the horn of Africa. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 11(6), 162-171.
Babikir, O., Muchina, S., Sebsibe, A., Bika, A., Kwai, A., Agosa, C. Obhai, G. & Wakhusama, S. (2015). Agricultural systems in IGAD region: A socio-economic review. In V. Pilipavicius (Ed.), Agroecology. IntechOpen, 1-32. https://doi.org/10.5772/60012
Bradley-Levine, J., Mosier, G. & Perkins, T. (2014). Perceptions of Teachers Leadership within the New Tech High School Model. International Journal of Teacher Leadership, 5(1), 1-10.
Castillejo, C. (2019). The influence of EU migration policy on regional free movement in the IGAD and ECOWAS regions (No. 11/2019). Discussion Paper, 1-41 https://doi.org/10.23661/dp11.2019
Chan, S. G. (2019). The development of IGAD as a distinctly African regional security community for the Horn of Africa with case studies of South Sudan and Somalia [Master's thesis, University of Adelaide]. https://hdl.handle.net/2440/121595
Creswell, J. W. (2014). A concise introduction to mixed methods research. SAGE Publications.
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
De Coning, C. (2017). Peace enforcement in Africa: Doctrinal distinctions between the African Union and United Nations. Contemporary Security Policy, 38(1), 145-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2017.1283108
Demeke, M. A. (2014). Conflict resolution responses of IGAD and AU to the Somalia Crises. International Journal of Political Science and Development, 2(10), 248-257. https://doi.org/10.14662/IJPSD2014.051
Dubow, A. Z., Hart, T., Collier, J. B., De Fontaubert, C., Million, J. M. F., & Thalheimer, L. (2020). Somalia-country environmental analysis: Diagnostic study on trends and threats for environmental and natural resources challenges.
Eklöw, K., & Krampe, F. (2019). Climate-related security risks and peacebuilding in Somalia. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI Policy Paper No. 53). https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2019-10/sipripp53_2.pdf
Elowson, C., &. de Albuquerque, A. (2016). Challenges to peace and security in Eastern Africa: The role of IGAD, EAC and EASF. Studies in African Security. https://www.foi.se/download/18.7fd35d7f166c56ebe0bb38e/1542369060243/Challenges-to-Peace-and-Security-in-Eastern-Africa_FOI-Memo-5634.pdf
Estimating sample sizes in focus group research. Qualitative Health Research, 29(10), 1483-1496.
Farole, S. A. (2018) Regional security institutions and weak states: The case of post-conflict Somalia and the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD). Comparative Strategy, 37(5), 472-484. https://doi.org/10.1080/01495933.2018.1526582
Francis, D. J. (2009). Peacekeeping in a bad neighbourhood: The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in peace and security in West Africa. African Journal on Conflict Resolution, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcr.v9i3.52180
Hassan, A. R. (2017). The effectiveness of IGAD in promoting regional diplomacy: A case study of the Somalia peace process [Master's thesis, University of Nairobi]. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/101660
Healy, S. (2009). Peacemaking in the midst of war: an assessment of IGAD’s contribution to regional security in the Horn of Africa [Working paper, London School of Economics and Political Science]. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/28482
Healy, S. (2011). Hostage to conflict: Prospects for building regional economic cooperation in the Horn of Africa. Chatham House.
Hennink, M. M., Kaiser, B. N., & Weber, M. B. (2019). What influences saturation?
IGAD (2020). Handbook. https://igad.int/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/IGAD-Handbook-2020.pdf
Khadiagala, G. M. (2007). Meddlers or mediators? African interveners in civil conflicts in Eastern Africa (Vol. 4). Republic of Letters.
Kirchherr, J., & Charles, K. (2018). Enhancing the sample diversity of snowball samples: Recommendations from a research project on anti-dam movements in Southeast Asia. PloS one, 13(8), Article e0201710. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201710
Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age International.
Lotze, W. (2013). Strengthening African peace support operations: Nine lessons for the future of African standby force. Berlin German Peace Operation Center. ZIF
M’Cormack, F. (2012). Helpdesk research report: Theory of change approaches to post-conflict governance programming.
Maalim, M. (2013). IGAD’s role in stability and diplomacy in the Horn of Africa. Chatham House Africa Summary.
Mekuriyaw, E. (2017). The role of international actors in resolving Somalia conflict and the peace agreements since 1991. International Journal of English and Literature, 2.
Mengistu, M. M. (2018). The Role of regional economic communities in conflict resolution in Africa: The case of IGAD's peace process in South Sudan. Global Journal of Political Science and Administration, 6(1), 19-29.
Menkhaus, K. (2010). Stabilization and humanitarian access in a collapsed state: The Somali case. Disasters, 34(3), S320-S341. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.2010.01204.x
Menkhaus, K. (2018). Elite bargains and political deals project: Somalia case study. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/766049/Somalia_case_study.pdf
Milimo, P. (2013). Forest and climate change policies, strategies and programmes in the EAC and IGAD sub-regions. In A report commissioned by the African Forest Forum. A platform for stakeholders in African forestry. (Unpubl.).
Moolakkattu, J. S. (2010). The role of the African union in continental peace and security governance. India Quarterly, 66(2), 151–165. https://doi.org/10.1177/097492841006600202
Moriasi, E. M. (2020). Mediating conflicts in Africa: Comparing Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) mediation processes in South Sudan and Somalia: Lessons for regional organisations [Master's thesis, University of Nairobi]. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/154012
Moura, C. O., Silva, Í. R., Silva, T., Santos, K. A., Crespo, M., & Silva, M. (2021). Methodological path to reach the degree of saturation in qualitative research: Grounded theory. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 75(2). https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-1379
Mulugeta, K. (2010). The role of regional and international organizations in resolving the Somali conflict. the case of IGAD.
Mulvihill, M., & Salinas, A. N. (2010). Theories of Change and Indicator Development in Conflict Management and Mitigation. United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Bureau for Democracy, Conflict, and Humanitarian Assistance, Office for Conflict Management and Mitigation. http://dmeforpeace.org/sites/default/files/Nan%20and%20Mulvihill_Theories%20of%20Change% 20and%20Indicator%20Development.pdf. Accessed on 12/6/2022
Mutembei, M. A. (2013). The role of regional organization in addressing climate change as an emerging security threat in Africa: A case study of IGAD [Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi]. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/61294
NPR. (2007). Somalia's Farah: Humanizing a broken place. Special Series: War and Literature https://www.npr.org/2007/07/05/11726071/somalias-farah-humanizing-a-broken-place accessed 12/6/2022.
Roudsari, L. R. (2019). Qualitative description: A less sophisticated approach for junior qualitative researchers. Journal of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, 7(4), 1856-1857.
Saunders, B., Sim, J., Kingstone, T., Baker, S., Waterfield, J., Bartlam, B., Burroughs, H., & Jinks, C. (2018). Saturation in qualitative research: Exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Quality & quantity, 52(4), 1893–1907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8
Seid, E. H., Kebret, H., & Abdi, A. I. (2021). The state of the political instability and its impact on trade in South Sudan: A critical assessment. (AERC Working Paper No. #FW-004). http://publication.aercafricalibrary.org/handle/123456789/2025
Sempijja, N., &.-Eyita-Okon, E. (2021). The role of local actors in peacekeeping: The cases of Liberia and Sierra Leone. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.615
Shapiro, I. (2006). Extending the framework of inquiry: Theories of change in conflict interventions. Berghof Handbook, 5(7).
Sharqieh, I. (2012). Can the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) resolve conflicts? Peace and Conflict Studies, 19(2), 219-236.
Taherdoost, H. (2016). Sampling methods in research methodology: How to choose a sampling technique for research. International Journal of Academic Research in Management, 5(2), 18-27. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3205035
Van Walraven, K., Melber, H., & Mehler, A. (2008). VI. Eastern Africa. In Africa Yearbook Volume 4 (pp. 275-410). Brill.
Vasileiou, K., Barnett, J., Thorpe, S., & Young, T. (2018). Characterizing and justifying sample size sufficiency in interview-based studies: Systematic analysis of qualitative health research over a 15-year period. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 18(1), 1-18.
Vehovar, V., Toepoel, V., & Steinmetz, S. (2016). Non-probability sampling. In C. Wolf, D. Joye, T. W. Smith, & Y.-C., Fu. (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of survey methods (pp. 329-345). SAGE Publications.
Wang, N., & Wu, G. (2020). A systematic approach to effective conflict management for program. SAGE Open, 10(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019899055
Wasajja, N. (2021). IGAD calls for peaceful elections in Somalia and Kenya. https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/107522 accessed on 10/8/2022
Weldesellassie, K. I. (2011). IGAD as an international organization, its institutional development and shortcomings. Journal of African Law, 55(1), 1-29.
Wiebusch, M. (2016). The role of regional organizations in the protection of constitutionalism. International IDEA Discussion Paper 17/16. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance.
World Bank. (2020). Somalia Country environmental analysis: diagnostic study on trends and threats for environmental and natural resources challenges. World Bank Washington, DC. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/3405
Wu, S., Wyant, D. C., & Fraser, M. W. (2016). Author guidelines for manuscripts reporting on qualitative research. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 7(2), 405-425.
Yadav, S. K., Singh, S., & Gupta, R. (2019). Sampling distribution and hypothesis testing. In S. K. Yadav, S. Singh, & R. Gupta (Eds.), Biomedical statistics: A beginner's guide (pp. 71-83). Springer.
Young, J. (2012). The fate of Sudan: The origins and consequences of a flawed peace process. Zed Books, London.

Citation

Nuh, M. A., & Kakuba, S. J. (2022). Exploration into IGAD’s Contributions towards Peace and Stability in Mogadishu, Somalia. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 6(3), 23-44. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/12439

Nuh, M. A., and Kakuba, S. J. (2022). Exploration into IGAD’s Contributions towards Peace and Stability in Mogadishu, Somalia. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 6(3), pp. 23-44. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/12439

Nuh MA, Kakuba SJ. Exploration into IGAD’s Contributions towards Peace and Stability in Mogadishu, Somalia. AM J QUALITATIVE RES. 2022;6(3), 23-44. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/12439

Nuh, Mohamed Abdullahi, and Sultan Juma Kakuba. "Exploration into IGAD’s Contributions towards Peace and Stability in Mogadishu, Somalia". American Journal of Qualitative Research 2022 6 no. 3 (2022): 23-44. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/12439

Nuh, Mohamed Abdullahi et al. "Exploration into IGAD’s Contributions towards Peace and Stability in Mogadishu, Somalia". American Journal of Qualitative Research, vol. 6, no. 3, 2022, pp. 23-44. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/12439

Nuh MA, Kakuba SJ. Exploration into IGAD’s Contributions towards Peace and Stability in Mogadishu, Somalia. AM J QUALITATIVE RES. 2022;6(3):23-44. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/12439