Multiple Cultures – One Process: Undertaking A Cross Cultural Grounded Theory Study

Shoba Nayar; Valerie Wright St.Clair

doi:10.29333/ajqr/9310

Shoba Nayar ¹ ^* , Valerie Wright St.Clair ²

More Detail

AM J QUALITATIVE RES, Volume 4, Issue 3, pp. 131-145

https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/9310

OPEN ACCESS 2271 Views 1372 Downloads

Download Full Text (PDF)

Abstract

Increasingly researchers are interested in the nexus of older adults, migration and health. Grounded theory is an ideal methodology to use in qualitative studies seeking to better understand the processes surrounding immigrants’ resettlement and how they maintain their wellbeing. To date, grounded theory methods have been employed in New Zealand research with older Asian immigrants; however, such research has only involved one ethnic group per study. Internationally, there is a dearth of research using grounded theory methods with participants from multiple ethnic communities. This paper describes the steps undertaken in developing a cross cultural grounded theory study of Chinese, Indian, and Korean senior immigrants’ contribution to New Zealand society. The challenges, learnings, and benefits of undertaking such research are explored and recommendations put forth for developing the use of a grounded theory methodology in cross cultural studies.

Keywords: Community participation, Cross cultural research, Immigrants, Grounded Theory, Older adults.

References

Barnes, D. M. (1996). An analysis of the grounded theory methods and the concept of culture. Qualitative Health Research, 6(3), 429-441. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973239600600309
Beaglehole, A. (2008). ‘Immigration regulation’, Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 21-Sep-2007. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/ImmigrationRegulation/en
Berry, J. W. (1989). Imposed etic-emics-derived etics: The operationalization of a compelling idea. International Journal of Psychology, 24, 721-735. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207598908247841
Birks, M., & Mills, J. (2015). Grounded theory: A practical guide. Sage.
Blackman, B. (1983). Toward a grounded theory. In W. Gudykunst (Ed.), Intercultural communication theory, current perspectives (pp. 283-291). Sage.
Brooking, T., & Rabel, R. (1995). Neither British nor Polynesian: A brief history of New Zealand’s other immigrants. In. S. W. Grief (Ed.), Immigration and national identity in New Zealand (pp. 23-49). The Dunmore Press.
Carling, J., Erdal, M. B., & Ezzati, R. (2014). Beyond the insider–outsider divide in migration research, Migration Studies, 2(1), 36-54, https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnt022
Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Sage.
Charmaz, K. (2014a). Grounded theory in global perspective: Review by international researchers. Qualitative Inquiry, 20(9), 1074-1084. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800414545235
Charmaz, K. (2014b). Constructing grounded theory (2nd ed.). Sage.
Clarke, A. E. (2008). Sex/gender and race/ethnicity in the legacy of Anselm Strauss. In N. K. Denzin (Ed.), Studies in symbolic interaction (pp.161-176). Emerald.
de Quadros Rigoni, R. (2016). Benefts and challenges of qualitative methodologies in cross-cultural psychology studies. In C. Roland-Lévy, P. Denoux, B. Voyer, P. Boski, & W. K. Gabrenya Jr. (Eds.), Unity, diversity and culture [Proceedings]. The 22nd Congress
of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology. htps://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/iaccp_papers/227
Gales, L. M. (2003). Linguistic sensitivity in cross-cultural organisational research: Positivist/post-positivist and grounded theory approaches. Language & Intercultural Communication, 3(2), 131-140. https://doi.org/10.1080/14708470308668097
Ganga, D., & Scott, S. (2006). Cultural “insiders” and the issue of positionality in qualitative migration research: Moving “across” and moving “along” researcher-participant divides. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 7(3), Art. 7.
Glaser, B. (2004). Remodelling grounded theory. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 5(2), Art. 4.
Glaser, B. G. (1998). Doing grounded theory: Issues and discussions. Sociology Press.
Grant, B. M., & Giddings, L. S. (2002). Making sense of methodologies: A paradigm framework for the novice researcher. Contemporary Nurse, 13(1), 10-28. https://doi.org/10.5172/conu.13.1.10
Hutching, M. (2004). Becoming New Zealanders: Population, immigration and citizenship, 1940-1960. http://nzhistory.net.nz/dnzb_exhibs/citizen/
Kim, H., Hocking, C., McKenzie-Green, B., & Nayar, S. (2015). Occupational experiences of Korean immigrants settling in New Zealand. Journal of Occupational Science, 23(2), 181-195. https://doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2015.1126168
Kim, Y. Y. (1989). Personal, social and economic adaptation: 1975-1979 arrivals in Illinois. In D. Haines (Ed.), Refugees as immigrants, Cambodians, Laotians and Vietnamese in America (pp. 86-104). Rowman and Littlefield.
Kvale, S. (1996). InterViews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Sage.
Lempert, L. (2007). Asking questions of the data: Memo writing in the grounded thoery tradition. In K. Charmaz, & A. Bryant (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of grounded theory (pp. 245-264). Sage.
Li, W. W., Hodgetts, D., & Ho, E. (2010). Gardens, transitions and identity reconstruction among older Chinese immigrants to New Zealand. Journal of Health Psychology, 15(5), 786-796. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105310368179.
Matsumoto, D., & Juang, L. (2003). Culture and psychology (3rd ed.). Wadsworth.
McKinnon, M. (1996). Immigrants and citizens: New Zealanders and Asian immigration in historical context. Institute of Policy Studies.
Morse, J. M. (2009). Tussles, tensions and resolutions. In J. M. Morse, P. N. Stern, J. Corbin, B. Bowers, A. E. Clarke, & K. Charmaz (Eds.), Developing grounded theory (pp. 13-22). Left Coast Press.
Nayar, S. (2012). Grounded theory: A research methodology for occupational science. Journal of Occupational Science, 19(1), 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2011.581626
Nayar, S. (2015). Re-situating models of acculturation: An occupational dimension. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 16(4), 1141-1155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-014-0379-8
Nayar, S., & Wright-St.Clair, V. (2018). Strengthening community: Senior Asian immigrants contributing to New Zealand society. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 33(4), 355-368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10823-018-9357-5
O’Connor, M. (1990). An immigrant nation. Heinemann Education.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2016). OECD data: Foreign born population. https://data.oecd.org/migration/foreign-born-population.htm#indicator-chart
Ozfidan, B., & Mitchell, C. (2020). Detected Difficulties in Argumentative Writing: The Case of Culturally and Linguistically Saudi Backgrounded Students. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 7(2), 15-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/382
Park, H. J., & Kim, C. G. (2013). Ageing in an inconvenient paradise: The immigrant experiences of older Korean people in New Zealand. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 32(3), 158-162. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.2012.00642.x.
Phillips, J. (2007). History of immigration. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/HistoryOfImmigration/en
Schatzman, L. (1991) Dimensional analysis: Notes on an alternative approach to the grounding of theory in qualitative research. In D. R. Maines (Ed.), Social organization and social process (pp. 303-314). Aldine De Gruyter.
Selvarajah, C. (2004). Expatriation experiences of Chinese immigrants in New Zealand. Management Research News, 27(8/9), 26-45. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409170410784626
Sheridan, V., & Storch, K. (2009). Linking the intercultural and grounded theory: Methodological issues in migration research. Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 10(1), Art. 36.
Statistics New Zealand. (2013). 2013 Census of population and dwellings. http://www.stats.govt.nz/searchresults.aspx?q=2013%20Census%20of%20Population%20and%20Dwellings
Stats NZ. (2019). New Zealand’s population reflects growing diversity. https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/new-zealands-population-reflects-growing-diversity
Steeves, R. H. (1992). A typology of data collected in naturalistic interview. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 14(4), 532-536. https://doi.org/10.1177/019394599201400412
Strauss, A. L. (1987) Qualitative analysis for social scientists. Cambridge University Press.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (2nded.). Sage.
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2016). International Migration Report 2015: Highlights (ST/ESA/SER.A/375).
Wright-St Clair, V. A., & Nayar, S. (2016). Older Asian immigrants’ participation as cultural enfranchisement. Journal of Occupational Science, 24(1), 64-75.
Wright-St Clair, V. A., Nayar, S., Kim, H., Wang, S. M., Sodhi, S. K., Chung, A., Suchdev, J., & Hu, C. (2018). Asian late-life immigrants managing wellness through contributing to socially embedded networks. Journal of Occupational Science, 25(1), 51-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2017.1370607
Yusoff, N. (2019). Cultural heritage, Emotion, Acculturation, Ethnic minority, Valence. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 6(3), 53-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/259
Zhang, J. (2014). Elderly Chinese migrants, intergenerational reciprocity, and quality of life. New Zealand Sociology, 29(2), 11-30.
Zodgekar, A. (2005). The changing face of New Zealand’s population and national identity. In J. H. Liu, T. McCreanor, T. McIntoosh, & T. Teaiwa (Eds.), New Zealand identities: Departures and destinations (pp. 140-154). Victoria University Press.

Citation

Nayar, S., & Wright St.Clair, V. (2020). Multiple Cultures – One Process: Undertaking A Cross Cultural Grounded Theory Study. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 4(3), 131-145. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/9310

Nayar, S., and Wright St.Clair, V. (2020). Multiple Cultures – One Process: Undertaking A Cross Cultural Grounded Theory Study. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 4(3), pp. 131-145. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/9310

Nayar S, Wright St.Clair V. Multiple Cultures – One Process: Undertaking A Cross Cultural Grounded Theory Study. AM J QUALITATIVE RES. 2020;4(3), 131-145. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/9310

Nayar, Shoba, and Valerie Wright St.Clair. "Multiple Cultures – One Process: Undertaking A Cross Cultural Grounded Theory Study". American Journal of Qualitative Research 2020 4 no. 3 (2020): 131-145. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/9310

Nayar, Shoba et al. "Multiple Cultures – One Process: Undertaking A Cross Cultural Grounded Theory Study". American Journal of Qualitative Research, vol. 4, no. 3, 2020, pp. 131-145. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/9310

Nayar S, Wright St.Clair V. Multiple Cultures – One Process: Undertaking A Cross Cultural Grounded Theory Study. AM J QUALITATIVE RES. 2020;4(3):131-45. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/9310