Insights on Production End of the Dairy Value Chain in Bangladesh

Abureza M.  Muzareba; Mubina Khondkar

doi:10.29333/ajqr/10833

Abureza M. Muzareba ¹ ^* , Mubina Khondkar ²

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AM J QUALITATIVE RES, Volume 5, Issue 1, pp. 142-162

https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/10833

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Abstract

This research paper aims at critically analyzing the production end of the dairy value chain with a long-run vision and mission to develop a more efficient pro-poor development of value chain that will allow disadvantaged farmers, milkers, feed producers, and feed sellers to overcome barriers and earn more to escape from poverty through further value addition in a sustainable manner. It uses qualitative research with an integrated methodology, comprising in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGD), and observation. We collected data from 30 villages located in eight districts in northern Bangladesh, using 44 in-depth interviews and 18 FGDs. Thematic data analysis is used, and five cases are presented. Farmer or producer, milker, feed producer, and feed seller are the production end actors of the dairy value chain. Rearing cows within the homestead is a popular and enduring custom. The labor-intensive rearing lacks automation and needs helping hands. Traditional free-range cattle rearing practice is identified on some river islands. Despite politics in pricing, ethical pricing also exists but not at the institutional level. Hand milking is common practice with vulnerability as it impacts milk quality. Feed selling business is rising and getting institutionalized. Production end value addition scopes are identified along multiple dimensions for stakeholders to take necessary actions.

Keywords: Bangladesh, Dairy Value Chain, Feed Producer and Seller, Milk Production, Milker.

References

Ahmed, A. U., Minten, B., Quisumbing, A. R., Roy, D., Khondkar, M., Muzareba, A. M., & Data Analysis and Technical Assistance Limited. (2009). Evaluating the dairy value chain project in Bangladesh: Baseline report. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
Albrecht, J., Lelea, M. A., & Kaufmann, B. (2016, September 18-21). Trust as integral to multi-stakeholder processes for dairy value chain improvement. Solidarity in a Competing World Fair Use of Resources. Tropentag, Vienna, Austria.
Albright, J. L., & Arave, C. W. (1997). The behaviour of cattle. CAB international.
Badruzzaman, A. T. M., Siddiqui, M. S. I., Faruk, M. O., Lucky, N. S., Zinnah, M. A., Hossain, F. M. A., & Rahman, M. M. (2015). Prevalence of infectious and non-infectious diseases in cattle population in Chittagong district of Bangladesh, International Journal of Biological Research, 3, 1-4.
Cain, M., Khanam, S. R., & Nahar, S. (1979). Class, patriarchy, and women's work in Bangladesh. Population & Development Review, 5(3), 405-438.
Catlette, B., & Hadden, R. (2001). Contented cows give better milk: The plain truth about employee relations and your bottom line. Saltillo Press.
Choudhury, S., & Headey, D. D. (2018). Household dairy production and child growth: Evidence from Bangladesh. Economics & Human Biology, 30, 150-161.
Chowdhury, F. D. (2009). Theorising patriarchy: The Bangladesh context, Asian Journal of Social Science, 37(4), 599-622.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications.
De-Figueirêdo Jr., H. S., Meuwissen, M. P. M., & Oude-Lansink, A. G. J. M. (2014). Integrating structure, conduct, and performance into value chain analysis. Journal of Chain & Network Science, 14(1), 21-30.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Hedonia, eudaimonia, and well-being: An introduction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 1–11.
Devine, J., Camfield, L., & Gough, I. (2008). Autonomy or dependence - or both? Perspectives from Bangladesh, Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 105-138.
Fasanella, A., Garofolo, G., Hossain, M. J., Shamsuddin, M., Blackburn, J. K., & Hugh-Jones, M. (2013). Bangladesh anthrax outbreaks are probably caused by contaminated livestock feed. Epidemiology & Infection, 141(5), 1021-1028.
Flanagan, D. J., Lepisto, D. A., & Ofstein, L. F. (2018). Coopetition among nascent craft breweries: A value chain analysis. Journal of Small Business & Enterprise Development.
Garry, M. L. (1999). A people’s history of development: 25 years in Northern Bangladesh. University Press Limited.
Gizachew, D., Szonyi, B., Tegegne, A., Hanson, J., & Grace, D. (2016). Aflatoxin contamination of milk and dairy feeds in the Greater Addis Ababa milk shed, Ethiopia. Food Control, 59, 773-779.
GoB. (2014). Monitoring Report 2014: National Food Policy Plan of Action and Country Investment Plan. GoB.
GoB. (2020). National Blockchain Strategy: Bangladesh. GoB.
Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness, American Journal of Sociology, 91, 481–510.
Hariyono, S. (2020). Falia Expression Protecting Environmental Ecosystem in Barangka District. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 7(1), 79-98.
Haque, M. M., Belton, B., Alam, M. M., Ahmed, A. G., & Alam, M. R. (2016). Reuse of fishpond sediments as fertilizer for fodder grass production in Bangladesh: Potential for sustainable intensification and improved nutrition. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 216, 226-236.
Haque, S. M. F., Choudhury, A., Adam, R., & McDougall, C. (2020). Rapid assessment on gender dynamics, barriers, opportunities, and risks in agriculture and aquaculture sectors in northwestern Bangladesh. WorldFish.
Hemme, T., Garcia, O., & Khan, A. R. (2004). A review of milk production in Bangladesh with particular emphasis on small-scale producers (Working Paper No. 7). Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative. International Farm Comparison Network.
Islam, A. W. M. S., Hefazuddin, S., & Rahman, M. H. (2003). Cattle. In S. Islam (Ed.), Banglapedia: National encyclopaedia of Bangladesh. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
Jabbar, M. A. (2010). Policy barriers for dairy value chain development in Bangladesh with a focus on the North West region, 138, 2016-2026.
Jäckering, L., Fischer, S., & Kehlenbeck, K. (2019). A value chain analysis of baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) products in Eastern and Coastal Kenya. Journal of Agriculture & Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics (JARTS), 120(1), 91-104.
Kabeer, N. (1988). Subordination and struggle: Women in Bangladesh, New Left Review, 168, 95.
Kabeer, N. (1991). Gender dimensions of rural poverty: Analysis from Bangladesh, The Journal of Peasant Studies, 18(2), 241-262.
Kabeer, N. (1994). Reversed realities: Gender hierarchies in development thought. Verso.
Kabeer, N. (1998). 'Money can't buy me love'? Re-evaluating gender, credit and empowerment in rural Bangladesh, IDS Discussion paper series, 363. IDS, UK.
Kabeer, N., Mahmud, S., & Tasneem, S. (2011). Does paid work provide a pathway to women's empowerment? Empirical findings from Bangladesh (Working Paper 375). IDS, UK.
Kaplinsky, R., & Morris, M. (2000). A handbook for value chain research. IDS.
Khan, M. J., Peters, K. J., & Uddin, M. M. (2009). Feeding strategy for improving dairy cattle productivity in small farm in Bangladesh, Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science, 38(1-2), 67-85.
Kiambi, S., Onono, J. O., Kang′ethe, E., Aboge, G. O., Murungi, M. K., Muinde, P., Akoko, J., Momanyi, K., Rushton, J., Fèvre, E. M., & Alarcon, P. (2020). Investigation of the governance structure of the Nairobi dairy value chain and its influence on food safety. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 179, 105009.
Kuijpers, R. (2020). Integrated value chain development: Evidence from Bangladesh. Food Policy, 97, 101916.
Kumar, D., & Rajeev, P. V. (2016). Value chain: A conceptual framework. International Journal of Engineering & Management Sciences, 7(1), 74-77.
Manso, T., Gallardo, B., & Guerra-Rivas, C. (2016). Modifying milk and meat fat quality through feed changes. Small Ruminant Research, 142, 31-37.
Mazzucato, M. (2015). The entrepreneurial state: Debunking private vs. public sector myths. Anthem Press.
Merhaut, M. (2019). Theoretical studies focused on gender discrimination against Roma women in the Czech Republic. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 6(1), 28-44.
Millogo, V., Sjaunja, K. S., Ouédraogo, G. A., & Agenäs, S. (2010). Raw milk hygiene at farms, processing units, and local markets in Burkina Faso. Food Control, 21(7), 1070-1074.
Momsen, J. (2008). Women and Development in the Third World. Routledge.
Muzareba, A. M. (2018). A study on the imperative veterinary and related services providing actors in dairy value chain of Bangladesh: Reflections on some cases, Dhaka University Journal of Management, 12(2), 31-51.
Nang'ole, E., Mithöfer, D., & Franzel, S. (2011). Review of guidelines and manuals for value chain analysis for agricultural and forest products. World Agroforestry Centre.
Nyokabi, S. N., de Boer, I. J., Luning, P. A., Korir, L., Lindahl, J., Bett, B., & Oosting, S. J. (2021). Milk quality along dairy farming systems and associated value chains in Kenya: An analysis of composition, contamination and adulteration. Food Control, 119, 107482.
Oliver, S. P., Jayarao, B. M., & Almeida, R. A. (2005). Foodborne pathogens in milk and the dairy farm environment. Foodborne Pathogens & Disease, 2(2), 115-129.
Orwa, J. D., Matofari, J. W., Muliro, P. S., & Lamuka, P. (2017). Assessment of sulphonamides and tetracyclines antibiotic residue contaminants in rural and peri urban dairy value chains in Kenya. International Journal of Food Contamination, 4(1), 1-11.
Phiri, B. S., Sakumona, M., Hang'ombe, B. M., Fetsch, A., & Schaarschmidt, S. (2021). The traditional dairy value chain in Zambia and potential risk factors to microbiological food safety. Food Control, 124, 107885.
Prahalad, C. K. (2010). The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid: Eradicating poverty through profits. Pearson Education Inc.
Quisumbing, A. R., & Roy, S. (2014). Assets, decision making, and time use: The gendered impacts of a dairy value-chain project in rural Bangladesh. SSRN. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2407176.
Rahman, H., Happy, F. A., Efan, A. H., & Hera, M. H. R. (2019). The small-scale dairy value chain analysis: Challenges and opportunities for dairy development in Mymensingh district of Bangladesh. SAARC Journal of Agriculture, 17(2), 213-226.
Rasmussen, P., Barkema, H. W., Mason, S., Beaulieu, E., & Hall, D. C. (2021). Economic losses due to Johne's disease (paratuberculosis) in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 104(3), 3123-3143.
Savani, M., & Stewart, A. (2019). Making market systems work for women dairy farmers in Bangladesh: A final evaluation of Oxfam's Gendered Enterprise and Markets Programme in Bangladesh. Oxfam GB.
Seymour, G., Malapit, H., & Quisumbing, A. (2020). Measuring time use in developing country agriculture: Evidence from Bangladesh and Uganda. Feminist Economics, 26(3), 169-199.
Sherif, B. (2001). The ambiguity of boundaries in the fieldwork experience: Establishing rapport and negotiating insider/outsider status. Qualitative Inquiry, 7(4), 436-447.
Sikira, A. N., Waithanji, E. M., Galie, A. & Baltenweck, I. (2018). Gender aspects in the dairy value chain in Tanzania: A review of literature. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 30(4), 1-12.
Silverman, D. (2015). Interpreting qualitative data, Sage.
Tan, A., & Ngan, P. T. (2020). A proposed framework model for dairy supply chain traceability. Sustainable Futures, 2, 100034.
Treurniet, M. (2021). The potency of quality incentives: Evidence from the Indonesian dairy value chain. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajae.12176
Uddin, M. E., Pervez, A. K., & Gao, Q. (2020). Effect of voluntary cooperativisation on livelihood capital of smallholder dairy farmers in the southwest of Bangladesh. GeoJournal, 1-20.
Uddin, M. J., Talukder, M. S., & Aziz, T. (2015). Impact assessment of Bangladesh Bank's re-finance scheme for financing agricultural & non-farm rural borrowers of Bangladesh Krishi Bank and Rajshahi Krishi Unnayan Bank. Bangladesh Bank.
Van, L. E. J., Caputo, V., Nayga, J. R. M., & Verbeke, W. (2014). Consumers’ valuation of sustainability labels on meat. Food Policy, 49, 137-150.
Ahmed, A. U., Minten, B., Quisumbing, A. R., Roy, D., Khondkar, M., Muzareba, A. M., & Data Analysis and Technical Assistance Limited. (2009). Evaluating the dairy value chain project in Bangladesh: Baseline report. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
Albrecht, J., Lelea, M. A., & Kaufmann, B. (2016, September 18-21). Trust as integral to multi-stakeholder processes for dairy value chain improvement. Solidarity in a Competing World Fair Use of Resources. Tropentag, Vienna, Austria.
Albright, J. L., & Arave, C. W. (1997). The behaviour of cattle. CAB international.
Badruzzaman, A. T. M., Siddiqui, M. S. I., Faruk, M. O., Lucky, N. S., Zinnah, M. A., Hossain, F. M. A., & Rahman, M. M. (2015). Prevalence of infectious and non-infectious diseases in cattle population in Chittagong district of Bangladesh, International Journal of Biological Research, 3, 1-4.
Cain, M., Khanam, S. R., & Nahar, S. (1979). Class, patriarchy, and women's work in Bangladesh. Population & Development Review, 5(3), 405-438.
Catlette, B., & Hadden, R. (2001). Contented cows give better milk: The plain truth about employee relations and your bottom line. Saltillo Press.
Choudhury, S., & Headey, D. D. (2018). Household dairy production and child growth: Evidence from Bangladesh. Economics & Human Biology, 30, 150-161.
Chowdhury, F. D. (2009). Theorising patriarchy: The Bangladesh context, Asian Journal of Social Science, 37(4), 599-622.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2016). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications.
De-Figueirêdo Jr., H. S., Meuwissen, M. P. M., & Oude-Lansink, A. G. J. M. (2014). Integrating structure, conduct, and performance into value chain analysis. Journal of Chain & Network Science, 14(1), 21-30.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Hedonia, eudaimonia, and well-being: An introduction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 1–11.
Devine, J., Camfield, L., & Gough, I. (2008). Autonomy or dependence - or both? Perspectives from Bangladesh, Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 105-138.
Fasanella, A., Garofolo, G., Hossain, M. J., Shamsuddin, M., Blackburn, J. K., & Hugh-Jones, M. (2013). Bangladesh anthrax outbreaks are probably caused by contaminated livestock feed. Epidemiology & Infection, 141(5), 1021-1028.
Flanagan, D. J., Lepisto, D. A., & Ofstein, L. F. (2018). Coopetition among nascent craft breweries: A value chain analysis. Journal of Small Business & Enterprise Development.
Garry, M. L. (1999). A people’s history of development: 25 years in Northern Bangladesh. University Press Limited.
Gizachew, D., Szonyi, B., Tegegne, A., Hanson, J., & Grace, D. (2016). Aflatoxin contamination of milk and dairy feeds in the Greater Addis Ababa milk shed, Ethiopia. Food Control, 59, 773-779.
GoB. (2014). Monitoring Report 2014: National Food Policy Plan of Action and Country Investment Plan. GoB.
GoB. (2020). National Blockchain Strategy: Bangladesh. GoB.
Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness, American Journal of Sociology, 91, 481–510.
Hariyono, S. (2020). Falia Expression Protecting Environmental Ecosystem in Barangka District. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 7(1), 79-98.
Haque, M. M., Belton, B., Alam, M. M., Ahmed, A. G., & Alam, M. R. (2016). Reuse of fishpond sediments as fertilizer for fodder grass production in Bangladesh: Potential for sustainable intensification and improved nutrition. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 216, 226-236.
Haque, S. M. F., Choudhury, A., Adam, R., & McDougall, C. (2020). Rapid assessment on gender dynamics, barriers, opportunities, and risks in agriculture and aquaculture sectors in northwestern Bangladesh. WorldFish.
Hemme, T., Garcia, O., & Khan, A. R. (2004). A review of milk production in Bangladesh with particular emphasis on small-scale producers (Working Paper No. 7). Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Initiative. International Farm Comparison Network.
Islam, A. W. M. S., Hefazuddin, S., & Rahman, M. H. (2003). Cattle. In S. Islam (Ed.), Banglapedia: National encyclopaedia of Bangladesh. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
Jabbar, M. A. (2010). Policy barriers for dairy value chain development in Bangladesh with a focus on the North West region, 138, 2016-2026.
Jäckering, L., Fischer, S., & Kehlenbeck, K. (2019). A value chain analysis of baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) products in Eastern and Coastal Kenya. Journal of Agriculture & Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics (JARTS), 120(1), 91-104.
Kabeer, N. (1988). Subordination and struggle: Women in Bangladesh, New Left Review, 168, 95.
Kabeer, N. (1991). Gender dimensions of rural poverty: Analysis from Bangladesh, The Journal of Peasant Studies, 18(2), 241-262.
Kabeer, N. (1994). Reversed realities: Gender hierarchies in development thought. Verso.
Kabeer, N. (1998). 'Money can't buy me love'? Re-evaluating gender, credit and empowerment in rural Bangladesh, IDS Discussion paper series, 363. IDS, UK.
Kabeer, N., Mahmud, S., & Tasneem, S. (2011). Does paid work provide a pathway to women's empowerment? Empirical findings from Bangladesh (Working Paper 375). IDS, UK.
Kaplinsky, R., & Morris, M. (2000). A handbook for value chain research. IDS.
Khan, M. J., Peters, K. J., & Uddin, M. M. (2009). Feeding strategy for improving dairy cattle productivity in small farm in Bangladesh, Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science, 38(1-2), 67-85.
Kiambi, S., Onono, J. O., Kang′ethe, E., Aboge, G. O., Murungi, M. K., Muinde, P., Akoko, J., Momanyi, K., Rushton, J., Fèvre, E. M., & Alarcon, P. (2020). Investigation of the governance structure of the Nairobi dairy value chain and its influence on food safety. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 179, 105009.
Kuijpers, R. (2020). Integrated value chain development: Evidence from Bangladesh. Food Policy, 97, 101916.
Kumar, D., & Rajeev, P. V. (2016). Value chain: A conceptual framework. International Journal of Engineering & Management Sciences, 7(1), 74-77.
Manso, T., Gallardo, B., & Guerra-Rivas, C. (2016). Modifying milk and meat fat quality through feed changes. Small Ruminant Research, 142, 31-37.
Mazzucato, M. (2015). The entrepreneurial state: Debunking private vs. public sector myths. Anthem Press.
Merhaut, M. (2019). Theoretical studies focused on gender discrimination against Roma women in the Czech Republic. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 6(1), 28-44.
Millogo, V., Sjaunja, K. S., Ouédraogo, G. A., & Agenäs, S. (2010). Raw milk hygiene at farms, processing units, and local markets in Burkina Faso. Food Control, 21(7), 1070-1074.
Momsen, J. (2008). Women and Development in the Third World. Routledge.
Muzareba, A. M. (2018). A study on the imperative veterinary and related services providing actors in dairy value chain of Bangladesh: Reflections on some cases, Dhaka University Journal of Management, 12(2), 31-51.
Nang'ole, E., Mithöfer, D., & Franzel, S. (2011). Review of guidelines and manuals for value chain analysis for agricultural and forest products. World Agroforestry Centre.
Nyokabi, S. N., de Boer, I. J., Luning, P. A., Korir, L., Lindahl, J., Bett, B., & Oosting, S. J. (2021). Milk quality along dairy farming systems and associated value chains in Kenya: An analysis of composition, contamination and adulteration. Food Control, 119, 107482.
Oliver, S. P., Jayarao, B. M., & Almeida, R. A. (2005). Foodborne pathogens in milk and the dairy farm environment. Foodborne Pathogens & Disease, 2(2), 115-129.
Orwa, J. D., Matofari, J. W., Muliro, P. S., & Lamuka, P. (2017). Assessment of sulphonamides and tetracyclines antibiotic residue contaminants in rural and peri urban dairy value chains in Kenya. International Journal of Food Contamination, 4(1), 1-11.
Phiri, B. S., Sakumona, M., Hang'ombe, B. M., Fetsch, A., & Schaarschmidt, S. (2021). The traditional dairy value chain in Zambia and potential risk factors to microbiological food safety. Food Control, 124, 107885.
Prahalad, C. K. (2010). The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid: Eradicating poverty through profits. Pearson Education Inc.
Quisumbing, A. R., & Roy, S. (2014). Assets, decision making, and time use: The gendered impacts of a dairy value-chain project in rural Bangladesh. SSRN. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2407176.
Rahman, H., Happy, F. A., Efan, A. H., & Hera, M. H. R. (2019). The small-scale dairy value chain analysis: Challenges and opportunities for dairy development in Mymensingh district of Bangladesh. SAARC Journal of Agriculture, 17(2), 213-226.
Rasmussen, P., Barkema, H. W., Mason, S., Beaulieu, E., & Hall, D. C. (2021). Economic losses due to Johne's disease (paratuberculosis) in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, 104(3), 3123-3143.
Savani, M., & Stewart, A. (2019). Making market systems work for women dairy farmers in Bangladesh: A final evaluation of Oxfam's Gendered Enterprise and Markets Programme in Bangladesh. Oxfam GB.
Seymour, G., Malapit, H., & Quisumbing, A. (2020). Measuring time use in developing country agriculture: Evidence from Bangladesh and Uganda. Feminist Economics, 26(3), 169-199.
Sherif, B. (2001). The ambiguity of boundaries in the fieldwork experience: Establishing rapport and negotiating insider/outsider status. Qualitative Inquiry, 7(4), 436-447.
Sikira, A. N., Waithanji, E. M., Galie, A. & Baltenweck, I. (2018). Gender aspects in the dairy value chain in Tanzania: A review of literature. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 30(4), 1-12.
Silverman, D. (2015). Interpreting qualitative data, Sage.
Tan, A., & Ngan, P. T. (2020). A proposed framework model for dairy supply chain traceability. Sustainable Futures, 2, 100034.
Treurniet, M. (2021). The potency of quality incentives: Evidence from the Indonesian dairy value chain. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajae.12176
Uddin, M. E., Pervez, A. K., & Gao, Q. (2020). Effect of voluntary cooperativisation on livelihood capital of smallholder dairy farmers in the southwest of Bangladesh. GeoJournal, 1-20.
Uddin, M. J., Talukder, M. S., & Aziz, T. (2015). Impact assessment of Bangladesh Bank's re-finance scheme for financing agricultural & non-farm rural borrowers of Bangladesh Krishi Bank and Rajshahi Krishi Unnayan Bank. Bangladesh Bank.
Van, L. E. J., Caputo, V., Nayga, J. R. M., & Verbeke, W. (2014). Consumers’ valuation of sustainability labels on meat. Food Policy, 49, 137-150.

Citation

Muzareba, A. M., & Khondkar, M. (2021). Insights on Production End of the Dairy Value Chain in Bangladesh. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 5(1), 142-162. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/10833

Muzareba, A. M., and Khondkar, M. (2021). Insights on Production End of the Dairy Value Chain in Bangladesh. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 5(1), pp. 142-162. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/10833

Muzareba AM, Khondkar M. Insights on Production End of the Dairy Value Chain in Bangladesh. AM J QUALITATIVE RES. 2021;5(1), 142-162. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/10833

Muzareba, Abureza M., and Mubina Khondkar. "Insights on Production End of the Dairy Value Chain in Bangladesh". American Journal of Qualitative Research 2021 5 no. 1 (2021): 142-162. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/10833

Muzareba, Abureza M. et al. "Insights on Production End of the Dairy Value Chain in Bangladesh". American Journal of Qualitative Research, vol. 5, no. 1, 2021, pp. 142-162. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/10833

Muzareba AM, Khondkar M. Insights on Production End of the Dairy Value Chain in Bangladesh. AM J QUALITATIVE RES. 2021;5(1):142-62. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/10833